书城社会科学客观与偏见:美国主流报纸台海问题报道研究
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第18章 美国主流报纸台海问题报道具体案例(6)

三、内容分析

美国媒体1996年台海问题报道突出两条主线:支持台湾“民主”努力;渲染大陆“威胁”台湾,但认为大陆不会对台湾动武。

1.塑造“民主”的台湾

(1)包装台湾“民主”制度

美国媒体一贯标榜“民主”和“自由”。自1996年开始,台湾地区领导人是经直接选举产生的,这使得美国媒体加大对台湾“民主”的“包装”和“褒奖”。

在选举之前,美国媒体多次使用“首次民主选举”、“第一次总统直选”等词汇,一再烘托这次“总统选举”的重要意义。

1996年3月16日的《华盛顿邮报》在《中国打算重新开始战争游戏;军事演习地点距离台湾11英里》中提到:“中国计划今天开始在台湾的西北部进行为期一周的军事演习,演习结束两天之后,台湾人将参加岛内首次民主‘总统’选举投票。”

1996年3月22日,《华盛顿邮报》也毫不吝啬地将最美好的词汇加诸于台湾,赞美台湾的“民主”。文章说道:

A colorful,boisterous,kinetic kind of democracy has emerged with more than its share of mudslinging and bizarre campaign twists.

译文:

在经历诽谤中伤和稀奇古怪的曲折斗争后,一个多彩的、喧闹的、活跃的民主在台湾出现。

1996年3月23日,在题为《台湾人在决定性选举的前夕欢欣愉悦;中国的压力凸显这次“总统”选举的重大意义》的文章里指出:“台湾今天即将成为五千年历史上,第一个民主选举领导人的中国社会”。

与《华盛顿邮报》遥相呼应,1996年3月19日,《纽约时报》在《台湾为何使中国受惊》一文中提到:

In the debate over China's military exercises in the Taiwan Strait,few have discussed a fundamental reason for its actions: Taiwan's emerging democracy. China's main concern is not any movement toward independence but rather the effects of Taiwanese democracy on the island's foreign policy.

Until recently,both China and Taiwan had implicitly recognized the island's de facto independence and dealt with it peacefully. They negotiated Taiwan's participation in numerous international institutions,from the International Monetary Fund to the Olympics,by sidestepping the independence question. China tolerated Taiwan's efforts to open embassies abroad. But the military exercises in the strait show that this implicit understanding is in tatters.

What has changed? With its first-ever direct presidential elections on Saturday,Taiwan will become a full-fledged democracy.

译文:

在针对中国在台湾海峡的军事演习的争论中,很少有人讨论这一根本原因:台湾兴起的民主主义。中国关心的东西,与其说是台独行为,不如说是台湾民主主义对其外交政策的影响。

最近,大陆和台湾都含蓄地承认了台湾在事实上的独立并且都和平地对待这一事实。他们在回避台独问题的同时就台湾参与多个国际组织——如国际货币基金组织和国际奥委会——进行谈判。中国容许了台湾在国外设使馆。但在台湾海峡的军事演习显示这一含蓄的默认已经破裂。

什么变了?星期六台湾将举行有史以来第一次“总统”直选,她的民主主义羽翼渐丰。

美国媒体对台湾“民主”的“包装”也体现在对其他候选人攻击李登辉的报道上,以烘托台湾社会的“多元化民主”。当然,报道中也用对大陆的污蔑来衬托自己的观点——台湾是个民主社会。1996年3月22日,《华盛顿邮报》在A01版刊出《台湾真正的戏剧场面:民主演变》:

A few days ago,a remarkable spectacle took place in a hotel ballroom here as Taiwan's presidential election campaign wound down toward this weekend's vote. One candidate,Lin Yang-kang,was holding forth for a roomful of reporters,and in rapid succession he accused the popular incumbent,President Lee Teng-hui,of being corrupt,a dictator and even a former communist.

……

What was astonishing was that Lin's news conference could take place at all,in a country that less than a decade ago was under martial law,where such insults to the chief of state surely would have brought a lengthy prison term,or worse.

Perhaps even harder to imagine would be such an eventime soon in China,just across the narrow Taiwan Strait,where the Communist Party retains strict control and where far milder criticism of the regime——even advocating a multi-party election campaign like the one now underway here——would probably bring swift and sure punishment.

But such is the measure of Taiwan's nine-year-old “Quiet Revolution”——a transition that turned a single-party dictatorship,after four decades,into one of Asia's liveliest democracies——that accusations such as Lin's can now pass largely unnoticed in the noisy cacophony of campaign stump speeches,sound trucks and television commercials.

译文:

几天前,当台湾这周的“总统”选举竞争即将告一段落时,一场标志性的壮观场面在一家旅馆的舞厅发生。其中的一名候选人,林洋港,被一屋子的记者簇拥到前台,他很快成功指责最受欢迎的现任者——“总统”李登辉,贪污、独裁甚至以前还曾是共产党员。

……

令人惊奇的是,对一个十年前还在军事法律统治下的国家来说,这样对国家主要领导的侮辱必然会带来一场长期的牢狱之灾甚至招致更坏的后果。

可能甚至难以想象海峡对岸的中国何时能这样,在那里,共产党实行了严格的控制。哪怕是对现政权温和的批评,甚是仅仅是鼓吹进行多党选举,都会招来快速而铁定的惩罚。

但这是台湾9年“安静革命”的一个成果,“安静革命”使一党专政社会转变为亚洲最有活力的民主社会。林洋港的控诉在喧闹的选举演说中不受注意,听起来像废话和电视商业广告。

当年的选举结果很快揭晓,李登辉以54%的得票率当选,《华盛顿邮报》为此感到欢欣鼓舞。1996年3月25日,该报在头版刊登《台湾民主的胜利是中国极为光火的问题;确保和平需要温和外交》,文中提到:“在过去的三个月里,中国政府给李登辉挂上了奸诈者的标签,还有不稳定的源头、隐藏的独裁者、刚愎自用的、危险的、不受欢迎的美国的傀儡和将中国人民带入深渊的叛徒。现在他们可以给他另一个标签了:台湾自由选举的‘总统’。”同日,该报在12版还刊文《台湾的和事佬“总统”:他会成为亚洲的萨达特吗》,把李登辉与埃及前总统萨达特相提并论:“萨达特与以色列争取和平,李巩固台湾的民主政治,提升这个国家的全球知名度,并且成为第一位直选‘总统’——在中国台湾。”

1996年3月26日,《华盛顿邮报》在题为《台湾大选》的文章里,使用了“喝彩”(CHEERS)这一词语,进一步美化台湾大选的划时代意义,直接表达了美国媒体的好恶。

CHEERS for Taiwan. It's just democratically elected a leader for the first time in China's history. Taiwan's achievement is stunning,the more so that it faced down ugly military intimidation by the mainland Chinese regime. Incumbent President Lee Teng-Hui took a resounding 54 percent of the vote on a platform of democracy and Taiwan's greater international assertiveness. The party favoring outright independence took 21 percent.

译文:

为台湾喝彩。这是在中国历史上第一次民主选举产生的领导人。台湾的成就是令人惊讶的,如果再多一些的话就可以压倒大陆政府的丑恶军事威胁了。李登辉“总统”靠民主的平台以及对台湾更高国际地位的自信赢得了54%的选票,赞成彻底独立的政党赢得21%的选票。

(2)称赞李登辉的“和平姿态”

1996年2月11日,《纽约时报》刊文《中国调动军队,台湾人民渴望和平》。在报道中,李登辉被描绘成“和平爱好者”:“当中国在国防部声称为军事演习下开始向海峡进驻大批军队后的一天,台湾‘总统’李登辉在一次演说中阐述了自己对台湾与中国关系的定义,强调当今需要和平。”“‘所有海峡两岸的人民深切期望的一件事便是停止敌意的对抗’,李先生在3月23日为台湾‘总统’大选所举行的香槟酒聚会上这样说道”。

1996年5月20日,《纽约时报》和《华盛顿邮报》分别在A3版和A14版,刊登李登辉在“总统”就职仪式上的演说,把李登辉塑造成为“和平的爱好者”。《华盛顿邮报》记者Keith.B.Richburg,在其文章《李登辉请求与中国进行会晤;新任“总统”在就职演说中强调和平计划》中是这样描绘的:

After steering his people from dictatorship to democracy and facing down military threats from the Communist mainland,Taiwanese President Lee Teng-hui used his inaugural address today to make a bold peacemaking gesture to ease the hostility across the Taiwan Strait: an offer of a summit meeting with China's leadership.

Lee declared his willingness to travel to China to open the first top-level dialogue with Chinese Communist leaders——who have branded him a traitor,a “chameleon” and a “splitist” who wants to divide the Motherland.

“In the future,at the call of my country and with the support of its people,I would like to embark upon a journey of peace to mainland China,” Lee told thousands of people attending inaugural ceremonies and millions more watching on television.