爱达荷州小档案：
人口：约130万
面积：约216，412平方公里，排名第13位
州府：波易斯Boise
爱达荷州的名称来自印第安人一个部落的名字，也有人说，它的意义是“山地之宝”Gem of the mountains。
1842年开始殖民。1890年7月3日成为美国第43州。以山梅花Syringa为州花。本州别名叫做“宝石之州”Gemstate。本州箴言：“永远存在”Let it Be Forever 。
州府是波易斯Boise，位于本州西中部。本州高等学府有10所。其中最著名的是爱达荷大学，创于1889年，地点在本州东境北部之莫斯科Moscow。
本州特征有二：第一，它有全美国最深的峡谷，名为赫尔峡谷Hell’s Canyon，在本州西境，接近俄勒冈州。第二，本州马铃薯产量，在50州内，列第1位。
本州北界加拿大。南与内华达及犹他两州为邻。西毗华盛顿与俄勒冈二州。东北以比特鲁山脉与蒙大拿州分界。东连怀俄明州。本州是一个多峰的山地区。超过3000公尺的高峰，有50座。北部及中部全是山地，起伏很大。南部是蛇河平原。蛇河Snake River北流，有一段介俄勒冈与爱达荷二州之间，形成美国最深的峡谷，叫做赫尔峡谷，长64公里，平均深度1680公尺。最深的地方为2400公尺。由两岸下望，深不见谷底，所以叫做“地狱谷”，“赫尔”（Hell）的意义就是地狱。本州虽然多山，农牧等业甚盛。主要作物为马铃薯，年产量300多万吨。其次为甜菜及大麦。矿产有锑、铅、钴。赫尔峡谷及布朗理Brownlee两地均修建水坝，利用蛇河之水发电，并作灌溉之用。
Introduction简介
The Nez Perce Shoshone，and other Native American Indian tribes moved into Idaho during the 1700s．One group lived along the Snake River Plains，and the other in Northern Idaho．The Snake River Plains Natives evolved（（使）进展，（使）进化）into the Bannock and Shoshone（肖松尼族人（美国西部的一种印第安人））tribes，while the Northern Idaho Natives evolved into the Nez Perce and other tribes．The Shoshone’s settled throughout the mountains and Snake River Plains of Idaho，and the other mountains and plains in states near South East Idaho．
In 1805Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the Oregon Country，which included parts of Idaho．There they found the land too dry to farm，but many animals that could be hunted for furs．In 1809，the British opened the first trading post in Idaho．Soon afterwards fur traders came from all over to trade with the Indians for furs．In 1846，the United States signed an agreement with Great Britain for part of the Oregon Country．This land included the territory now known as Idaho is an 83，557square mile expanse of forest land，prairies，mountains and deep canyons（〈美〉峡谷，溪谷）along the Snake and Salmon rivers．
Farmers in 1860began to irrigate（灌溉）the land and plant potatoes．Members of the Mormon religion founded Idaho’s first permanent settlement，Franklin．That same year miners found gold on the Clearwater River in 1860，on the Salmon in 1861，in the Boise River basin in 1862，and gold and silver were found in the Owyhee River country in 1863．The usual rush of settlers followed，along with the spectacular but ephemeral（短暂的）growth of towns．Most of these settlements are only ghost towns now，but the many settlers who poured in during the gold rush mainly from Washington，Oregon，and California，with smaller numbers from the east formed a population large enough to demand new government administration，and Idaho Territory and Congress created the Idaho Territory in 1863．
The United States government forced Native Americans to move into reservations．Some went peacefully，but others such as the Paiute（居于美国印第安人的一部族）fought for many years against the army for their homeland．Native Americans，mostly Kootenai，Nez Perce Western Shoshone，Bannock，Coeur d’Alene，and Pend d’Oreille，became upset by the incursion（袭击，侵入）of settlers and some resisted violently．The Federal government had subdued（征服）many of these groups by 1858，placing them on reservations．The Bannock were defeated in 1863and again in 1878．In 1876－1877the Nez Perce led by Chief Joseph，made their heroic but unsuccessful attempt to flee to Canada while being pursued by U．S．troops．By the 1880s，all Native Americans in Idaho were living on reservations．
Railroads were extending across Idaho Territory during the late 1800s．Now the minerals，the mines were producing could be shipped to other states．Many people arrived on the railroads looking for work．
By 1890，almost 90，000people lived in Idaho．In 1889，the Idaho Territory had adopted a constitution．Idaho was granted statehood on July 3，1890，with Boise as the state capital．
During the 1890s，poor working conditions encouraged miners to join unions，the largest of these being the Western Federation of Miners．In 1892，violence broke out between union miners and nonunion（不属于工会的，不承认工会的）men and the mine owners．When a second strike broke out in 1899，Governor Frank Steunenberg declared martial law and federal troops were called in to regulate the situation．That same year，a miner rigged（配备，装配）a bomb that murdered Governor Steunenberg．The murder trial，held in 1907，attracted worldwide attention．Over time，miners gained better pay and working conditions．
Idaho became a major logging（〈美〉伐木搬运业）state in the early 1900s．Tragedy struck in 1910when a huge fire raged through Idaho’s forests，killing about 85people．During this time，plans were established to irrigate（灌溉）land for farming．In 1905，water was diverted（转移，转向）from the Snake River to irrigate 60，000acres of land．The Minidoka Dam was completed in 1906and the Arrowrock Dam was completed in 1915．Today，only three states have more irrigated land than Idaho．
World War I（1914－1918）brought prosperity to Idaho’s farmlands．But，as the war ended，Idaho’s economy dropped．During the Great Depression（1929－1939），Idaho farmers，loggers，and miners suffered greatly．The federal government set up programs to help people survive the depression．The Rural Electrification（充电，电气化）Administration brought electricity to farms．The Civil Conservation Corps worked to conserve Idaho’s forests．Many other jobs were created building bridges，roads，and recreational facilities．
World War II（1939－1945）helped Idaho’s economy out of the depression as food，metals，and soldiers were sent to help win the war．After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941，the U．S．government was afraid that Japanese－Americans would help Japan．They forced many into relocation（再布置，变换布置）camps．About 10，000from Washington and Oregon were held in Minidoka Camp，located near Minidoka，Idaho．These people worked in potato and sugar beet farms．