Parole of Lord Cornwalls
The final phase of the war,opening with the treaty. Middle states,the West,and the South.In the first sphere of action the chief events were the withdrawal of the British from Philadelphia,the battle of Monmouth,and the inclosure of the British in New York by deployingAmerican forces from Morristown,New Jersey,up to West Point.In the West,George Rogers Clark,by his famous march into the Illinois country,secured Kaskaskia and Vincennes and laid a firm grip on the country between the Ohio and the Great Lakes.In the South,the second period opened with successes for the British.They captured Savannah,conquered Georgia,and restored the royal governor.In 1780they seized Charleston,administered a crushing defeat to the American forces under Gates at Camden,and overran South Carolina,though meeting reverses at Cowpens and King's Mountain.Then came the closing scenes.Cornwallis began the last of his operations.He pursued General Greene far into North Carolina,clashed with him at Guilford Court House,retired to the coast,took charge of British forces engaged in plundering Virginia,and fortified Yorktown,where he was penned up by the French fleet from the sea and the combined French and American forces on land.
The Geographical Aspects of the War.For the British the theater of the war offered many problems.From first to last it extended from Massachusetts to Georgia,a distance of almost a thousand miles.It was nearly three thousand miles from the main base of supplies and,though the British navy kept the channel open,transports were constantly falling prey to daring privateers andThe Surrender at Saratoga From a painting by Fauvalfleet American war vessels.The sea,on the other hand,offered an easy means of transportation between points along the coast and gave ready access to the American centers of wealth and population.Of this the British made good use.Though early forced to give up Boston,they seized New York and kept it until the end of the war;they took Philadelphia and retained it until threatened by the approach of the French fleet;and they captured and held both Savannah and Charleston.Wars,however,are seldom won by the conquest of cities.
Particularly was this true in the case of the Revolution.Only a small portion of the American people lived in towns.Countrymen back from the coast were in no way dependent upon them for a livelihood.They lived on the produce of the soil,not upon the profits of trade.This very fact gave strength to them in the contest.Whenever the British ventured far from the ports of entry,they encountered reverses.Burgoyne was forced to surrender at Saratoga because he was surrounded and cut off from his base of supplies.As soon as the British got away from Charleston,they were harassed and worried by the guerrilla warriors of Marion,Sumter,and Pickens.Cornwallis could technically defeat Greene at Guilford far in the interior;but he could not hold the inland region he had invaded.Sustained by their own labor,possessing the interior to which their armies could readily retreat,supplied mainly from native resources,the Americans could not be hemmed in,penned up,and destroyed at one fell blow.
The Sea Power.The British made good use of their fleet in cutting off American trade,but control of the sea did not seriously affect the United States.
As an agricultural country,the ruin of its commerce was not such a vital matter.All the materials for a comfortable though somewhat rude life were right at hand.It made little difference to a nation fighting for existence,if silks,fine linens,and chinaware were cut off.This was an evil to which submission was necessary.
Nor did the brilliant exploits of John Paul Jones and Captain John Barry materially change the situation.They demonstrated the skill of American seamen and their courage as fighting men.They raised the rates of British marine insurance,but they did not dethrone the mistress of the seas.Less spectacular,and more distinctive,were the deeds of the hundreds of privateers and minor captains who overhauled British supply ships and kept British merchantmen in constant anxiety.Not until the French fleet was thrown into the scale,were the British compelled to reckon seriously with the enemy on the sea and make plans based upon the possibilities of a maritime disaster.
Commanding Officers.On the score of military leadership it is difficult to compare the contending forces in the revolutionary contest.There is no doubt that all the British commanders were men of experience in the art of warfare.Sir William Howe had served in America during the French War and was accounted an excellent officer,a strict disciplinarian,and a gallant gentleman.Nevertheless he loved ease,society,and good living,and his expulsion fromBoston,his failure to overwhelm W a sh i n gton by sallies from his comfortable bases at New York and Philadelphia,destroyed every shred of his military reputation.John Burgoyne,to whom was given the task of penetrating New York from Canada,had likewise seen service in the French War both in America and Europe.He had,however,a touch of the theatrical in his nature and after the collapse of his plans and the surrender of his army in 1777,he devoted his time mainly to light literature.Sir Henry Clinton,who directed the movement which ended in the capture of Charleston in 1780,had "learned his trade on the continent,"