There is an allusion to gentlemen's periwigs, which first came into fashion in 1663; an allusion to guineas, which were first struck in 1663; an allusion to the vests which Charles ordered to be worn at Court in 1666; an allusion to the fire of 1666; and several political allusions which must be assigned to times later than the year of the Restoration, to times when the Government and the city were opposed to each other, and when the Presbyterian ministers had been driven from the parish churches to the conventicles.But it is needless to dwell on particular expressions.The whole air and spirit of the piece belong to a period subsequent to that mentioned by Wycherley.As to the Plain Dealer, which is said to have been written when he was twenty-five, it contains one scene unquestionably written after 1675, several which are later than 1668, and scarcely a line which can have been composed before the end of 1666.
Whatever may have been the age at which Wycherley composed his plays, it is certain that he did not bring them before the public till he was upwards of thirty.In 1672, Love in a Wood was acted with more success than it deserved, and this event produced a great change in the fortunes of the author.The Duchess of Cleveland cast her eyes upon him, and was pleased with his appearance.This abandoned woman, not content with her complaisant husband and her royal keeper, lavished her fondness on a crowd of paramours of all ranks, from dukes to rope-dancers.
In the time of the commonwealth she commenced her career of gallantry, and terminated it under Anne, by marrying, when a great-grandmother, that worthless fop, Beau Fielding.It is not strange that she should have regarded Wycherley with favour.His figure was commanding, his countenance strikingly handsome, his look and deportment full of grace and dignity.He had, as Pope said long after, "the true nobleman look," the look which seems to indicate superiority, and a not unbecoming consciousness of superiority.His hair indeed, as he says in one of his poems, was prematurely grey.But in that age of periwigs this misfortune was of little importance.The Duchess admired him, and proceeded to make love to him, after the fashion of the coarse-minded and shameless circle to which she belonged.In the Ring, when the crowd of beauties and fine gentlemen was thickest, she put her head out of her coach-window, and bawled to him, "Sir, you are a rascal; you are a villain"; and, if she is not belied, she added another phrase of abuse which we will not quote, but of which we may say that it might most justly have been applied to her own children.Wycherley called on her Grace the next day, and with great humility begged to know in what way he had been so unfortunate as to disoblige her.Thus began an intimacy from which the poet probably expected wealth and honours.Nor were such expectations unreasonable.A handsome young fellow about the Court, known by the name of Jack Churchill, was, about the same time, so lucky as to become the object of a short-lived fancy of the Duchess.She had presented him with five thousand pounds, the price, in all probability, of some title or pardon.The prudent youth had lent the money on high interest and on landed security;and this judicious investment was the beginning of the most splendid private fortune in Europe.Wycherley was not so lucky.
The partiality with which the great lady regarded him was indeed the talk of the whole town; and sixty years later old men who remembered those days told Voltaire that she often stole from the Court to her lover's chambers in the Temple, disguised like a country girl, with a straw hat on her head, pattens on her feet, and a basket in her hand.The poet was indeed too happy and proud to be discreet.He dedicated to the Duchess the play which had led to their acquaintance, and in the dedication expressed himself in terms which could not but confirm the reports which had gone abroad.But at Whitehall such an affair was regarded in no serious light.The lady was not afraid to bring Wycherley to Court, and to introduce him to a splendid society, with which, as far as appears, he had never before mixed.The easy King, who allowed to his mistresses the same liberty which he claimed for himself, was pleased with the conversation and manners of his new rival.So high did Wycherley stand in the royal favour that once, when he was confined by a fever to his lodgings in Bow Street, Charles, who, with all his faults, was certainly a man of social and affable disposition, called on him, sat by his bed, advised him to try change of air, and gave him a handsome sum of money to defray the expense of the journey.Buckingham, then Master of the Horse, and one of that infamous ministry known by the name of the Cabal, had been one of the Duchess's innumerable paramours.He at first showed some symptoms of jealousy, but he soon, after his fashion, veered round from anger to fondness, and gave Wycherley a commission in his own regiment and a place in the royal household.
It would be unjust to Wycherley's memory not to mention here the only good action, as far as we know, of his whole life.He is said to have made great exertions to obtain the patronage of Buckingham for the illustrious author of Hudibras, who was now sinking into an obscure grave, neglected by a nation proud of his genius, and by a Court which he had served too well.His Grace consented to see poor Butler; and an appointment was made.But unhappily two pretty women passed by; the volatile Duke ran after them; the opportunity was lost, and could never be regained.