As a Frenchman, he wished success to the arms of his country.As a philosopher, he was anxious for the stability of a throne on which a philosopher sat.He longed both to save and to humble Frederic.There was one way, and only one, in which all his conflicting feelings could at once be gratified.If Frederic were preserved by the interference of France, if it were known that for that interference he was indebted to the mediation of Voltaire, this would indeed be delicious revenge; this would indeed be to heap coals of fire on that haughty head.Nor did the vain and restless poet think it impossible that he might, from his hermitage near the Alps, dictate peace to Europe.D'Estrees had quitted Hanover, and the command of the French army had been intrusted to the Duke of Richelieu, a man whose chief distinction was derived from his success in gallantry.Richelieu was in truth the most eminent of that race of seducers by profession, who furnished Crebillon the younger and La Clos with models for their heroes.In his earlier days the royal house itself had not been secure from his presumptuous love.He was believed to have carried his conquests into the family of Orleans; and some suspected that he was not unconcerned in the mysterious remorse which embittered the last hours of the charming mother of Lewis the Fifteenth.But the Duke was now sixty years old.With a heart deeply corrupted by vice, a head long accustomed to think only on trifles, an impaired constitution, an impaired fortune, and, worst of all, a very red nose, he was entering on a dull, frivolous, and unrespected old age.Without one qualification for military command, except that personal courage which was common between him and the whole nobility of France, he had been placed at the head of the army of Hanover; and in that situation he did his best to repair, by extortion and corruption, the injury which he had done to his property by a life of dissolute profusion.
The Duke of Richelieu to the end of his life hated the philosophers as a sect, not for those parts of their system which a good and wise man would have condemned, but for their virtues, for their spirit of free inquiry, and for their hatred of those social abuses of which he was himself the personification.But he, like many of those who thought with him, excepted Voltaire from the list of proscribed writers.He frequently sent flattering letters to Ferney.He did the patriarch the honour to borrow money of him, and even carried this condescending friendship so far as to forget to pay the interest.Voltaire thought that it might be in his power to bring the Duke and the King of Prussia into communication with each other.He wrote earnestly to both; and he so far succeeded that a correspondence between them was commenced.
But it was to very different means that Frederic was to owe his deliverance.At the beginning of November, the net seemed to have closed completely round him.The Russians were in the field, and were spreading devastation through his eastern provinces.Silesia was overrun by the Austrians.A great French army was advancing from the west under the command of Marshal Soubise, a prince of the great Armorican house of Rohan.Berlin itself had been taken and plundered by the Croatians.Such was the situation from which Frederic extricated himself, with dazzling glory, in the short space of thirty days.
He marched first against Soubise.On the fifth of November the armies met at Rosbach.The French were two to one; but they were ill-disciplined, and their general was a dunce.The tactics of Frederic, and the well-regulated valour of the Prussian troops obtained a complete victory.Seven thousand of the invaders were made prisoners.Their guns, their colours, their baggage, fell into the hands of the conquerors.Those who escaped fled as confusedly as a mob scattered by cavalry.Victorious in the West, the King turned his arms towards Silesia.In that quarter everything seemed to be lost.Breslau had fallen; and Charles of Lorraine, with a mighty power, held the whole province.On the fifth of December, exactly one month after the battle of Rosbach, Frederic, with forty thousand men, and Prince Charles, at the head of not less than sixty thousand, met at Leuthen, hard by Breslau.The King, who was, in general, perhaps too much inclined to consider the common soldier as a mere machine, resorted, on this great day, to means resembling those which Bonaparte afterwards employed with such signal success for the purpose of stimulating military enthusiasm.The principal officers were convoked.Frederic addressed them with great force and pathos;and directed them to speak to their men as he had spoken to them.When the armies were set in battle array, the Prussian troops were in a state of fierce excitement; but their excitement showed itself after the fashion of a grave people.The columns advanced to the attack chanting, to the sound of drums and fifes, the rude hymns of the old Saxon Sternholds.They had never fought so well; nor had the genius of their chief ever been so conspicuous."That battle," said Napoleon, "was a masterpiece.Of itself it is sufficient to entitle Frederic to a place in the first rank among generals." The victory was complete.
Twenty-seven thousand Austrians were killed, wounded, or taken; fifty stand of colours, a hundred guns, four thousand waggons, fell into the hands of the Prussians.Breslau opened its gates; Silesia was reconquered; Charles of Lorraine retired to hide his shame and sorrow at Brussels; and Frederic allowed his troops to take some repose in winter quarters, after a campaign, to the vicissitudes of which it will be difficult to find any parallel in ancient or modern history.