Te xt A
Non-ver bal Communication
非言语交际
Study of the Text
1.It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words.
几乎可以肯定地说它指的是运用语言进行的交际。
1 )would 在此句中表示可能性。will 和would 除常用来表示将来发生(事态)和对将来事态的“ 预见”外, 也可以表示对现在时间或过去时间正在发生或已经发生的事态的可能性的推测。例如:
This will be the dictionary you’re looking for, I think.
我想这本词典可能是你正在寻找的词典。
Don’t call them now-they’ll be having dinner.
不要给他们打电话, 他们可能正在吃晚饭。
She would be about 60. 她可能60 岁左右。
这里的will 和would 表示说话人的看法, 相当于I think, I expect, I reckon, I bet, I imagine, I should think, It’s reasonable to assume that 等等含义。只是would 肯定语气没有will 强。比较:
(The phone rings. )That will be Jeremy, I think.
(The phone rings. )That would be Jeremy, probably.
will / would 这种推测性用法, 与它们表示将来时间和过去将来时间的用法区别要从上下文去仔细体会和确定。
2 )means 在这里表示方法、手段, 相当于way, method, 既可用作复数, 也可用作单数, 意义无甚区别。例如:
Does the end always justify the means, if the aim or purpose is good, may any methods, even if bad, be employed？为达到目的, 可以不择手段吗？
There is (are)no means of learning what is happening.
我们无法知道现在有什么事情发生。
3 ).that involve the use of words 在句中作定语修饰means。
2.There is, however, another form of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. 但还有一种交际手段, 我们常常没意识到但几乎是无时不用。
1 )however 在这句中为连接词, 意为“ 然而”。用在句中要用逗号同前后分开, 当用在句尾时, 用逗号同句子的前部分分开。例如:
Later, however , I decided to go. 然而后来我决定离开。
He was mistaken, however.可是他错了。
2 )most of the time 是个名词短语, 在句中作状语。名词或名词短语可以在句中作状语。
They walked single file. 他们单行走。
The Party teaches us to serve the people hea rt and soul.
党教导我们要全心全意为人民服务。
3.This is sometimes called body language.
这种交际手段往往称作体势语。
1 )sometimes 和some time 的区别: some time, 意思是近似某一天, 用来指一个未肯定的时刻, 常常在将来, 不表达“ 重复”的概念。例如:
Let’s have dinner together some time next month.
下个月找个时间咱们一块吃顿饭。
sometimes 是频率副词, 它暗示在任何时候(过去、将来或现在)
的重复(不太频繁)。例如:
We sometimes went shopping on weekends when we lived in China.
我们住在中国时, 有时周末出门采购东西。
I sometimes have letters from him. 我不时会接到他的来信。
She likes sometimes the one and sometimes the other.
她有时喜欢这个, 有时喜欢那个。
2 )body 在句中充当定语, 即名词充当定语, 修饰language。例如:
There is a woma n doctor in this clinic.
这诊所有一位医生。(woman 作定语修饰doctor)
Tom is an efficiency expert for all members of his family.
汤姆是他家里的效率专家。
efficiency 是名词, 作定语修饰expert。
4.When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. 当认同某事时, 欧洲人一般会微笑, 表示赞同。
1 )在with which he agrees 中, 动词词组agree with 里的介词with 提到关系代词which 的前面。关系代词在定语从句中亦可用作介词的宾语。介词可放在从句的开始, 亦可放在名词的末尾。
The material of which the apparatus is ma de is a good non-conductor of heat. 制造这套仪器的材料是一种良好的隔热材料。
句中of 与后面的is made 有关, be made of 由..构成。
I am grateful to him for that advice, to which I owe all my success.
对他的那项建议我十分感激, 我的所有成功都归功于此。
句中to 与后面的owe 发生关系。owe.to.把..归功于..
2 )agree with 同意, 赞成
I agree with you on this point. 在这一点上我同意你的意见。
I agree with what you say. 我同意你的看法。
He doesn’t agree with postponing the meeting once more.
他不同意把这个会再延期。
3 )辨异: average, common, general, usual, ordinary, a.
这些词的含义近乎于汉语的“平常的, 普通的”。
average 平均的, 一般的。常表示标准、比例、水平居于中间。
Boys of average intelligence can improve their records by being more diligent. 智力平平的男孩子可以通过勤奋来提高他们的成绩。
common 普通的；时常发生的。强调地位低下。
A manager is not a somebody, but a common one in this big company.
在这家大公司里, 经理并不算什么大人物, 而只是很平常的职员。
general 普遍的。强调带有普遍性, 很少例外。
The girl has received a good genera l education.
这女孩受过良好的普通教育。
usual 普通的, 通常的(强调经常性习惯)。
Tea is the usua l drink of English people. 茶是英国人的平常饮料。
ordinary 普通的, 平凡的, 平常的。强调通常的习惯和地位平凡。
The chairman was in ordina ry dress at the meeting.
在会上, 主席穿着平常的衣服。
5.I referred a moment ago to“ the average European”, because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this. 笔者刚才提及欧洲人“ 一般”如何如何, 是因为体势语与文化密切相关, 故而为了不误解和不被人误解, 读者应该认识到这一点。
1 )refer to 提及, 谈及, 相当于speak of。
Don’t refer to this matter again, please. 请不要再提及此事。
When I said that some people are stupid I was not referring to you. 当我说某些人很愚蠢时, 我并非指你。
Does that remark refer to me？那批评的话是指我说的吗？
2 ).in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood. 在句中作目的状语。not to misunderstand 和not to be misunderstood 这两个不定式的逻辑主语都是“ you”, 意为“ 误解别人”, “ 被别人误解”, 相当于两个状语从句in order that you do not misunderstand others, or that you are not misunderstood。
6.A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but somewhat embarrassed.
比如中国人微笑可能并不表示赞同, 而是表达某种不安。
1 )smiling 是现在分词, 意为“ 微笑的”, 作定语修饰Chinese。现在分词作定语常表示分词代表的行为正在发生或动作正在执行并且由其修饰的中心词来完成这个行为, 带有主动意义和正在进行意义或未完成意义。这种用法的-ing 分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词。-ed 分词(过去分词)也可作名词修饰语, 这种用法的-ed 分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词, 充当前置修饰语的-ed 分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义。比较: frozen food 冷冻食物；a freezing wind 凛冽的寒风；a bored traveller 百无聊赖的旅行者；a boring journey 乏味的旅行；a conquered army 被征服的军队；a conquering army 征服的军队；the spoken word 所说的词；a speaking bird 说话的鸟；a recorded talk 录下的谈话；a recording machine 录音机。
2 )approve 在这里是个不及物动词, 意思是“ 同意、赞成”。常与of 构成介词短语。
I quite a pproved of the idea. 我很赞成这个想法。
This proposal wa s a pproved of by most of the workers.
这个建议受到大多数工人的支持。
7.Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers, who have to deal every day with their staff. to create good working conditions.
有关非言语交际的问题, 人们正在进行大量研究。这种交际显然很重要。比如要创造良好的工作条件经理们每天都必须同下属打交道, 还必须了解下属的感受。
1 )on the subject of NVC 作定语修饰work；which. to create good working conditions 由which 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰的NVC；which 引导的非限制性定语从句中又有who have to.
and have to. if they.conditions 作定语从句修饰介词宾语managers。
2 )辨异: have to 与must
have to 和must 均可表示“ 必须”, 不同的是:
must 表示说话人的主观看法, have to 表示客观的需要。例如:
I don’t like this tape recorder.We must buy a new one.
我不喜欢这台录音机, 我们必须另买一台新的。
This tape recorder doesn’t work. We ha ve to buy a new one.
这台录音机坏了, 我们不得不买一台新的。
用must 表示“ 必须”, 只有现在时形式, 要表示过去式或将来时间里的“必须”, 就要借助于have to 的某种形式。例如:
We ha d to buy a new one. 我们必须另买一台新的。
We will ha ve to buy a new one. 我们将不得不买一台新的。
表示“ 不必”, 不可用must not, 而要用have to 的各种否定形式。例如:
We don’t have to buy a new one. (现在)
We won’t ha ve to buy a new one. (将来)
We didn’t ha ve to buy a new one. (过去)
当然也可用needn’t 或主动词need (to)的否定形式。例如:
We needn’t buy a new one. =We don’t have to buy a new one.
We don’t need to buy a new one. (义同上例)
We didn’t need to buy a new one = We didn ’t have to buy a new one.
3 )deal with 与..往来, 与..相处
That man is easy (difficult, impossible)to dea l with.
那人容易(不易, 极难)相处。
The family members a re dea ling with one another very well.
这家人相互处得很好。
How can the wife dea l with the rude husband？
妻子怎能同这位粗鲁的丈夫相处？